Programmable dynamic self-assembly of DNA nanostructures

Elisa Franco, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles

Rebecca Schulman, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Computer Science

Johns Hopkins University

The ability to generate and control mechanical forces is essential to support the functions of biomolecular materials. Complex mechanical tasks like cellular movement or growth are achieved through precise molecular control and efficient use of chemical energy in an adaptive manner. Replicating this capacity is a key challenge toward the synthesis of artificial biomaterials that can perform mechanical work across scales, and respond dynamically to their surroundings. While synthetic responsive materials such as liquid crystal elastomers and hydrogels can convert external stimuli into motion, they often require direct input like light or electrical wiring, limiting their scalability and responsiveness. In contrast, biological systems use chemical fuels distributed by diffusion and regulate activity through molecular organization, achieving exceptional energy efficiency and responsiveness. Drawing inspiration from biology, this project will develop programmable filamentous materials that use molecular instructions  to perform mechanical tasks such as positioning components and deforming structures. These materials will be powered by polymerization reactions and guided by molecular elements that control force direction, timing, and environmental responsiveness. By integrating sensors, crosslinkers, orienting agents, and molecular logic circuits, we will build a dynamic system capable of controlled, efficient mechanical actuation. This work will combine computational design with a library of programmable nucleic acid components to create energy-efficient, adaptive materials that mimic key features of biological force generation.