In the last two decades, the low-temperature plasma (LTP) community has made significant advances in understanding plasma-surface interactions for semiconductor processing, enabling the information technology revolution through plasma-based manufacturing of microelectronics devices. Emerging applications and research areas in LTP drastically widened the scope of plasma-material interactions from semiconductors to nanomaterials, liquids, and even living matter resulting in the direct impact of plasma science in energy applications, human health, and environmental stewardship. Nonetheless, our understanding of plasma interactions with liquids which are critical for a broad range of applications, including nanomaterial synthesis, treatment of forever chemicals such a PFAS in water and decontamination, remains limited. State-of-the art plasma-liquid interaction models to date do not include self-consistent evaporation models and there is an emerging set of experimental results suggesting that the currently used simplified modeling assumptions do not adequately describe plasma-liquid interactions. Our preliminary Raman thermometry results suggest that plasma-induced evaporation by pulsed plasmas is a highly non-equilibrium process and can lead to supercooling of the near interfacial liquid. It is hypothesized that plasma-liquid (water) interactions can involve strong non-equilibrium evaporation processes that significantly reduce the local liquid water temperature and have similarities with flash evaporation. This effect is a paradigm shift in plasma-liquid interactions as plasmas are generally considered as a tool to add energy to a substrate rather than extracting energy. The overall objective of the project is to leverage and extend diagnostic capabilities including Raman thermometry, terahertz spectroscopy, Thomson scattering, laser induced fluorescence and IR frequency comb absorption spectroscopy to probe near interfacial liquid temperatures, gas compositions, and energy and mass transfer at the plasma-liquid interface while leveraging the obtained experimental data to develop a model of plasma-induced evaporation. The successful completion of this research will lead to new insights into non-equilibrium evaporation and related cooling/heating effects during plasma-liquid interactions. As evaporation impacts the ionization and electron loss rate in the plasma, it directly impacts discharge instabilities in atmospheric pressure discharges in the presence of liquids. The gained understanding in this project thus has the potential to enable advances in enhanced control capability for plasma-liquid interactions. This additional control has not only the potential to enable new plasma-based applications for advanced materials processing, energy storage, biomedical and environmental technologies but might enable the replacement of more demanding low-pressure plasma systems with atmospheric pressure plasma alternatives.